Fuel cell system and gas control method

ABSTRACT

A fuel cell system including a fuel cell ( 20 ) that generates electricity through an electrochemical reaction between a fuel gas and an oxidizing gas is provided with a gas supply unit that supplies each of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas to an anode ( 22 ) and a cathode ( 23 ) of the fuel cell ( 20 ), respectively by quantity corresponding to a load, a gas permeation quantity estimation unit (S 32 ) that estimates a gas permeation quantity of at least one of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas between the anode ( 22 ) and the cathode ( 23 ) after the power generation performed by the fuel cell ( 20 ) is stopped, and a correction unit (S 36 ) that corrects a supply quantity of at least one of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas each corresponding to the load in accordance with the estimated gas permeation quantity, which is to be supplied by the gas supply unit upon a subsequent start of power generation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a fuel cell system that generates electricitythrough an electrochemical reaction between fuel gas and oxidizing gasand a gas control method of the fuel cell system.

2. Description of the Related Art

A fuel cell is structured to start power generation upon supply of thefuel gas and the oxidizing gas. The fuel cell generates requiredelectric energy in response to the supply of the fuel gas and theoxidizing gas by quantity each corresponding to a required load.

The operation of the aforementioned fuel cell is interrupted by stoppingthe supply of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas. For example, the powergeneration may be completely stopped by introducing inactive gas intothe fuel cell (pressurizing) or sucking the residual fuel gas outside(generating negative pressure) so as to be discharged outside.

Meanwhile in the case where the vehicle equipped with the fuel cell isstopped for a short period of time or operated under low loads, thesupply of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas is stopped while having thefuel gas and the like remained in the fuel cell.

In the fuel cell, the fuel gas is separated from the oxidizing gas witha polymer electrolyte. If such gas is left in the state where the powergeneration (electrochemical reaction) is interrupted, the gas is likelyto permeate through the polymer electrolyte until partial pressure ofeach gas at both electrodes becomes equal. The above-describedpermeation of the gas through the polymer electrolyte may interfere withnormal power generation, resulting in a temporal deterioration in theperformance of the fuel cell (output voltage) upon re-start of the powergeneration.

Japanese patent application Publication No. JP-A-2002-352837 discloses afuel cell system that swiftly supplies excessive fuel gas into the fuelcell under pressure applied upon activation such that power output isobtained quickly from the stopped state of the fuel cell.

In the case where the power generation (electrochemical reaction) hasbeen stopped, the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas both separated by thepolymer electrolyte in the fuel cell tend to permeate therethrough untilthe partial pressures at both electrodes become equal. Theabove-described permeation of such gas may interfere with normal powergeneration, thus temporarily deteriorating the performance (outputvoltage) of the fuel cell upon re-start thereof. If the excessive gasunder high pressure is swiftly supplied into the fuel cell repeatedly atevery re-start of the fuel cell as aforementioned, a very thin solidpolymer electrolyte or catalytic electrode may be damaged and the fuelgas is wasted, thus deteriorating the fuel efficiency.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide a fuel cell that overcomesthe problem of the deterioration in its performance upon re-start ofpower generation while avoiding deterioration in the fuel efficiency.

First aspect of the invention relates to a fuel cell system providedwith a fuel cell that generates electricity through an electrochemicalreaction between a fuel gas and an oxidizing gas, and a load devicewhich is supplied with electric power from the fuel cell, the fuel cellsystem includes a gas supply unit that supplies each of the fuel gas andthe oxidizing gas to an anode and a cathode of the fuel cell,respectively by quantity corresponding to a load; a gas permeationquantity estimation unit that estimates a gas permeation quantity of atleast one of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas between the anode andthe cathode after the power generation performed by the fuel cell isstopped; and a correction unit that corrects a supply quantity of atleast one of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas each corresponding tothe load in accordance with the estimated gas permeation quantity, whichis to be supplied by the gas supply unit upon a subsequent start ofpower generation.

According to the first aspect of the invention, the above-describedstructure makes it possible to overcome reduction in the effectivecatalytic area owing to formation of water drop on the catalytic surfaceresulting from chemical short-circuit caused by the residual gas in thefuel cell that permeates through the polymer electrolyte between theanode and the cathode after interruption of the fuel cell operation, orthe delay in the rise of the fuel cell upon re-start thereof owing toreduction in the gas pressure in the anode and the cathode.

In the first aspect of the invention, the gas permeation quantity may beestimated based on a drop rate of an open circuit voltage after thepower generation performed by the fuel cell is stopped. Such estimationmay be made using the correlation between the reduction rate in the opencircuit voltage and the gas permeation quantity through the polymerelectrolyte at a predetermined elapse of time after interruption of thefuel cell operation.

In the aspect related to the first aspect of the invention, the droprate of the open circuit voltage may be calculated based on an amount ofa voltage drop that has occurred between the anode and the cathode dueto a leakage of the fuel gas to the cathode and a leakage of theoxidizing gas to the anode after the power generation performed by thefuel cell is stopped, an elapsed time from when the power generationperformed by the fuel cell is stopped, and a function which has beenobtained through experiment or simulation calculation preliminarily.

In the first aspect of the invention, the gas permeation quantity may beestimated based on a gas pressure decrease rate in the fuel gas afterthe power generation performed by the fuel cell is stopped. Suchestimation may be made using the correlation between the reduction ratein gas pressure within the fuel cell and the gas permeation quantitythrough the polymer electrolyte at a predetermined elapse of time afterinterruption of the fuel cell operation.

In the aspect related to the first aspect of the invention, the gaspressure decrease rate may be calculated based on the estimated gaspermeation quantity which has been obtained through experiment orsimulation calculation preliminarily based on a fuel gas pressure in theanode after the power generation performed by the fuel cell is stopped,a decrease in the fuel gas pressure for an elapsed time from when thepower generation performed by the fuel cell is stopped until when thepower generation performed by the fuel cell is restarted, and theelapsed time.

In the first aspect of the invention, the correction unit independentlymay set each of a correction amount of the fuel gas and a correctionamount of the oxidizing gas based on the estimated gas permeationquantity.

In the first aspect of the invention, the gas permeation quantityestimation unit independently may estimate each of the gas permeationquantity of the fuel gas and the gas permeation quantity of theoxidizing gas.

According to the first aspect and related aspect of the invention, thefuel cell may be brought into a stopped state in an intermittentoperation mode of the fuel cell. The fuel cell provided in the vehicleis structured to supply electricity from a secondary battery in the lowload state such as a vehicle stopped state for improving the fuelefficiency such that the fuel cell is briefly stopped until itsoperation is needed. The fuel cell has to be started quickly as higherelectric energy is required to allow the vehicle to take off. Accordingto the aspect of the invention, the deterioration in the start-upcharacteristic of the fuel cell caused by permeation of the gas may beavoided by correcting the quantity of the supplied gas, thus improvingthe take-off characteristic of the vehicle.

Second aspect of the invention relates to a gas control method of a fuelcell system including a fuel cell that generates electricity through anelectrochemical reaction between a fuel gas and an oxidizing gas, and aload device which is supplied with electric power from the fuel cell,the method includes the steps of: supplying each of the fuel gas and theoxidizing gas to an anode and a cathode of the fuel cell, respectivelyby quantity corresponding to a load; estimating a gas permeationquantity of at least one of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas betweenthe anode and the cathode after the power generation performed by thefuel cell is stopped; and correcting a supply quantity of at least oneof the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas corresponding to the load inaccordance with the estimated gas permeation quantity, which is to besupplied upon a subsequent start of power generation.

The invention makes it possible to avoid drop in the output voltageimmediately after re-start of the fuel cell. The quantity of the gassupplied upon re-start of the fuel cell is adjusted (corrected) to anappropriate value so as to improve the rise-up characteristic of theoutput voltage. Accordingly this makes it possible to avoid damage inthe solid polymer electrolyte under the excessive pressure or thedeterioration in the fuel efficiency upon excessive supply of the fuelgas.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an explanatory view that represents a structure of a fuel cellsystem according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart that represents a control process to which theinvention is applied upon an intermittent operation of the fuel cell;

FIG. 3A is a graph that represents an example of an open circuit voltageof the fuel cell, FIG. 3B is a graph that represents a relationshipbetween the voltage drop and quantity of permeating gas, and FIG. 3C isa graph that represents a relationship between the quantity ofpermeating gas and correction amount of the supplied gas; and

FIG. 4A is a graph that represents a function that determines anincrease in quantity of hydrogen gas, and FIG. 4B is a graph thatrepresents a function that determines an increase in quantity of air.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Preferred embodiments of the invention will be described referring tothe drawings.

A fuel cell system according to the invention is structured to estimatethe fuel gas permeation quantity from the anode to the cathode, and thepermeation quantity of the oxidizing gas and the inactive gas from thecathode to the anode, respectively in a non-power generation state ofthe fuel cell that has stopped power generation upon suspension ofsupply of at least one of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas. If it isdetermined that the gas permeation quantity is large, the quantity ofcirculation and supply of the fuel gas, and supply quantity of theoxidizing gas are increased for the subsequent start of the fuel cell(start of power generation). Accordingly the density of the fuel gasupon the re-start of the fuel cell is increased so as to cope with theflooding state of the produced water or to dilute the fuel gas that haspermeated to the cathode such that the rise-up performance (powergeneration performance) of the output voltage upon subsequent start ofthe power generation may be assured.

The gas permeation quantity may be estimated using the reduction rate(reducing speed) of the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the fuel cell, thereduction rate of the fuel gas pressure of the anode, and otherparameters of the fuel cell operation, which relate to the gaspermeation quantity.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that represents a first embodiment of theinvention. In the first embodiment, an open circuit voltage V of thefuel cell having its operation interrupted is observed, and a leakage ofthe fuel gas to the cathode is estimated in accordance with the statewhere the open circuit voltage V is reduced. The leakage of theoxidizing gas to the cathode is also estimated. The fuel gas may behydrogen gas, and the oxidizing gas may be air (containing oxygen,nitrogen and the like), for example. In the case where chemicalshort-circuit or reduction in the gas pressure owing to permeation ofthe fuel gas and the oxidizing gas is estimated, the gas by the quantitycorresponding to the correction amount is added to correspond eachquantity of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas supplied upon nextactivation to the required load such that start-up characteristic of thefuel cell is improved.

Referring to FIG. 1, a fuel cell 20 includes a solid polymer electrolyte21 disposed between an anode 22 and a cathode 23 (MEA: MembraneElectrode Assembly), to which a plurality of unit cells each providedwith a gas supply passage (not shown) and a cooling water passage (notshown) are stacked. Air (outside air) as the oxidizing gas is suppliedto an air inlet of the fuel cell 20 via an air supply passage 71. Theair supply passage 71 includes an air filter 11 that removes particlesfrom air, a compressor 12 that pressurizes air, a pressure sensor 51that detects an air supply pressure, and a humidifier 13 that adds apredetermined quantity of moisture to air. The air filter 11 is providedwith an air flow meter that detects the flow rate of air.

Air off-gas discharged from the fuel cell 20 is further dischargedoutside through an exhaust passage 72. The exhaust passage 72 isprovided with a pressure sensor 52 that detects an exhaust pressure, apressure regulator valve (flow control valve) 14 and a heat exchanger ofthe humidifier 13. The pressure regulator valve 14 serves as a pressureregulator that sets the pressure of air (air pressure) supplied to thefuel cell 20. Each of the detection signals (not shown) from pressuresensors 51, 52 is transmitted to a control section 50. The controlsection 50 sets the air supply pressure or supply flow rate byregulating the compressor 12 and the pressure regulator valve 14. Thecompressor 12, the pressure regulator valve 14 and control program ofthe control section 50 constitute a unit that supplies the oxidizinggas.

The hydrogen gas functioning as the fuel gas is supplied from a hydrogensupply source 31 to a hydrogen supply inlet of the fuel cell 20 via afuel supply passage 75. The hydrogen supply source 31 may be formed as ahigh-pressure hydrogen tank, hydrogen storing alloy, reformer and thelike. The fuel supply passage 75 is provided with a pressure sensor 54that detects a pressure of the hydrogen supply source, a pressureregulator valve (flow control valve) 32 that regulates the pressure ofthe hydrogen gas supplied to the fuel cell 20, a relief valve 39 thatopens when the fuel supply passage 75 is under the abnormal pressure, ashut-off valve 33 that opens and closes the hydrogen gas supply inlet ofthe fuel cell, and a pressure sensor 55 that detects a pressure of theinlet of the hydrogen gas. The pressure sensor 55 may be formed as thegas pressure detection unit. The signals (not shown) of the pressuresensors 54 and 55 are supplied to the control section 50. The controlsection 50 sets the supply quantity of the hydrogen gas by regulatingthe pressure regulator valve 32.

The hydrogen gas that has not been consumed by the fuel cell 20 isdischarged into a hydrogen circulation passage 76 as hydrogen off-gas soas to be returned to the downstream side of the shut-off valve 41 in thefuel supply passage 75. The hydrogen circulation passage 76 is providedwith a temperature sensor 63 that detects a temperature of the hydrogenoff-gas, a shut-off valve 34 that discharges the hydrogen off-gas, agas/liquid separator 35 that recovers water from the hydrogen off-gas,an exhaust valve 36 through which the recovered water is collected inthe tank (not shown), a hydrogen pump 37 that pressurizes the hydrogenoff-gas, and a check valve 40. The shut-off valves 33 and 34 may beformed as elements for closing the anode side of the fuel cell. Thedetection signal (not shown) of the temperature sensor 63 is supplied tothe control section 50. Operations of the hydrogen pump 37 arecontrolled by the control section 50. The hydrogen off-gas flows to bemixed with the hydrogen gas supplied from the hydrogen supply source 31in the fuel supply passage 75 such that the mixture is supplied to thefuel cell 20 and re-used therein. The hydrogen gas supplied to the fuelcell 20 includes the new hydrogen gas from the hydrogen supply source 31and the circulated hydrogen gas. The check valve 40 serves to preventback flow of the hydrogen gas in the fuel supply passage 75 into thehydrogen circulation passage 76. The hydrogen supply source 31, thepressure regulator valve 32, and the hydrogen pump 37 constitute thefuel gas supply unit. The aforementioned oxygen gas supply unit and thefuel gas supply unit constitute the gas supply unit.

The hydrogen circulation passage 76 is connected to the exhaust passage72 through a purge passage 77 via a purge valve 38. The purge valve 38is formed as an electromagnetic shut-off valve, which is operated upon acommand from the control section 50 so as to release (purge) thehydrogen off-gas outside. The aforementioned purging is performedintermittently for circulation within the fuel cell repeatedly such thatthe hydrogen off-gas with increased impurity content is dischargedoutside. Then the new hydrogen gas is introduced for the purpose ofpreventing decrease in the voltage in the cell. The discharged hydrogenoff-gas is diluted with air off-gas in a combustor (not shown) so as tobe discharged outside.

A power control unit (PCU) 42 is connected to an output terminal of thefuel cell 20 via a switch. The power control unit 42 includes a DC-DCconverter 42 a that converts DC voltage, and inverters 42 b, 42 c thatconvert direct current into alternate current. The converter 42 a servesto charge a secondary battery 41 at an appropriate voltage levelcorresponding to outputs of the fuel cell 20. The output of thesecondary battery 41 is regulated to an appropriate level so as to besupplied to an accessory motor 43 and a driving motor 44 via theinverters 42 b and 42 c. The inverters 42 b and 42 c serve to supplyoutputs of the fuel cell 20 or the secondary battery 41 to the accessorymotor 43 and the driving motor 44. The route of power supply by thepower control unit 42 is controlled by the control section 50 inaccordance with the operation mode. A voltmeter V is connected betweenoutput terminals of the fuel cell 20 and the monitor outputs aresupplied to the control section 50.

The control section 50 receives inputs of a required load represented bynot shown vehicle accelerator signals, control information transmittedfrom sensors of the respective portions in the fuel cell system and thelike so as to control operations of various types of valves and motors.The control section 50 is formed of a control computer system (notshown) that may be structured with a well known commercially availablesystem.

The operations of the control section 50 will be described referring tothe flowchart shown in FIG. 2. The control section 50 is formed of acomputer for the purpose of executing control as aforementioned. Morespecifically, the control section 50 controls operations of variousportions in the fuel cell system in accordance with the control program(not shown).

The control section 50 interrupts operation of the fuel cell 20 andoperates the secondary battery 41 for power supply in the low load statewhere power generation efficiency (fuel efficiency) of the fuel cell 20is decreased, for example, stopped state of the vehicle. When the stateof charge of the secondary battery 41 is lowered or the load isincreased, the control section 50 serves to operate the fuel cell 20 forthe purpose of supplying power to the load and charge the secondarybattery 41. When charging of the secondary battery 41 is completed andthe load is decreased, the operation of the fuel cell 20 is interrupted,and the power is supplied to the load by the secondary battery 41. Thecontrol section 50 according to this embodiment, the aforementionedoperation is repeatedly performed in the low load state so as to performintermittent operation of the fuel cell 20. (intermittent operationmode)

In step S20, the control section 50 establishes predeterminedconditions, that is, continuing the stopped state of the vehicle duringoperation of the fuel cell system or continuing the low load state so asto execute the above-described intermittent operation mode.

Then in step S22, the control section 50 opens the switch of the outputterminal of the fuel cell 20. The control section 50 then operates thepower control unit 42 to supply power from the secondary battery 41 topower source of the accessory motor 43, the driving motor 44 and thelike. In step S24, the respective supply systems for supplying the fuelgas and the oxidizing gas such as the air compressor 12, the hydrogenpump 37 and the like are stopped so as to interrupt the operation of thefuel cell 20. Operations of the shut-off valves 33 and 34 are stopped.In step S26, the control section 50 reads an open circuit voltage (OCV)V1 at a time y1 at which the operation of the fuel cell 20 isinterrupted based on the output of the voltmeter V. The control section50 then stores the read data in an inner memory (not shown). In stepS28, the control section 50 observes whether the load requirement thatexceeds a predetermined value in the intermittent operation mode hasbeen generated or whether the request for re-generation of power inresponse to reduction in the state of charge of the secondary battery 41has been generated. If NO is obtained in step S28, that is,re-generation of power has not been required, the non-power generationstate of the fuel cell 20 is continued.

If YES is obtained in step S28, that is, re-generation of power has beenrequired after an elapse of the time t1 from the moment at which theoperation of the fuel cell 20 is interrupted, the control section 50detects the open circuit voltage V2 of the fuel cell 20 at that time y2and the detected voltage V2 is stored in the inner memory in step S30.

The control section 50 estimates the gas permeation quantity during aperiod at which the operation of the fuel cell 20 is interrupted.Referring to FIG. 3A, if resumption of power generation is required atthe time t1 after the interruption, the voltage drop rate is obtained bythe equation of AV/t1=V1−V2/t1. In step S32, the gas permeation quantityP is estimated using the function of P=f(ΔV, t) obtained experimentallyor by performing simulation calculation preliminarily using parametersof the voltage drop amount ΔV and the elapsed time t1 as shown in FIG.3B. The above estimation is made by focusing on the phenomenon that thevoltage generated in the anode and the cathode drops owing to theleakage of the hydrogen gas sealed in the anode 22 into the cathode 23,and the leakage of the oxygen gas and the nitrogen gas from the cathode23 to the anode 22. The process in step S32 corresponds to the gaspermeation quantity estimation unit.

In step S34, it is determined whether the estimated gas permeationquantity P exceeds a reference value (threshold value), which mayrequire correction. If YES is obtained in step S34, that is, theestimated value exceeds the threshold value, each quantity of thehydrogen gas supplied to the anode 22 and air supplied to the cathode 23is increased. The amount of increase in the gas quantity N1corresponding to the gas permeation quantity P1 is obtained using thefunction of the gas increase quantity N=s(P) which has been obtainedthrough experiment or simulation calculation preliminarily. The gasincreased by the increase in the gas quantity N1 corresponding to thegas permeation quantity is added to each of the supply quantity of thehydrogen gas and air (gas supply quantity during the normal operation)in accordance with the required load so as to set the respective supplygas quantity in step S36. The process in step S36 corresponds to thecorrection unit.

If NO is obtained in step S34, that is, the estimated gas permeationquantity does not exceed the threshold value, which may not require thecorrection, the process proceeds to step S38 where each quantity of thehydrogen gas supplied to the anode 22 and air supplied to the cathode 23is set to the quantity in accordance with the required load,respectively.

Then in step S40, the control section 50 regulates the pressureregulator valve 32 and the hydrogen pump 37 such that the supplyquantity of hydrogen gas becomes the set value, and the shut-off valves33, 34 are opened to start supply of the hydrogen gas. The aircompressor 12 is activated to adjust the pressure regulator valve 14such that the supply quantity of air becomes the set value. When theoutput voltage of the fuel cell 20 rises to a predetermined level uponsupply of gas, the control section 50 functions in closing the switch tobe connected to the power control unit 42. As aforementioned, correctionof the gas supply quantity upon re-start makes it possible to allowrise-up of the output voltage at the reduced time lag. The controlsection 50 controls the power control unit 42 to stop power supply fromthe secondary battery 41 to the loads 43, 44 such that the powergenerated by the fuel cell 20 is supplied to those loads in step S42.The secondary battery 41 may be charged by the fuel cell 20 in case ofnecessity.

In step S44, the fuel cell 20 that has been interrupted in theintermittent operation mode is resumed to the operative state.

In the aforementioned embodiment, the gas permeation quantity isobtained as the amount of the voltage drop for the elapsed time t. Itmay be estimated as the decrease Δp in the anode gas pressure. Morespecifically, the hydrogen gas pressure pi at the anode 22 after closingof the shut-off valves 33, 34 and the hydrogen gas pressure p2 uponre-start of the fuel cell 20 are detected to derive the decrease Δp inthe gas pressure for the elapsed time t1 from the equation of Δp=p1−p2.The gas permeation quantity P in accordance with the decrease in the gaspressure Δp and the elapsed time t may be derived from the equation thathas been preliminarily prepared through experiment or simulationcalculation, that is, P=g(Δp, t).

In the aforementioned embodiment, each quantity of supply of thehydrogen gas (anode gas) and air (cathode gas) upon re-start iscorrected. However, the supply quantity of any one of the anode gas andthe cathode gas may be corrected.

A second embodiment will be described referring to FIG. 4. The structureof the fuel cell system shown in FIG. 1 and control process shown in theflowchart of FIG. 2 are identical to those in the second embodiment.Accordingly, characteristic of the second embodiment different from thatof the first embodiment will be described.

In the first embodiment, each of the corrected quantities of thehydrogen gas and air with respect to the estimated gas permeationquantity is equal (see step S36 in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3C). In step S36 ofthe control routine executed by the control section 50 in the secondembodiment, however, each of the corrected quantities of the hydrogengas and air with respect to the estimated gas permeation quantity P1 isdifferent. That is, the increase in the hydrogen gas N_(H1) with respectto the gas permeation quantity P1 is derived from the hydrogen gasincrease function N_(H)=s_(H)(P) adapted to the hydrogen gas inreference to the estimated gas permeation quantity P1. Theaforementioned function N_(H)=s_(H)(P) is obtained through experiment orsimulation calculation. Likewise, the increase in air N_(O1) withrespect to the gas permeation quantity P1 is derived from the airincrease function N_(O)=s_(O)(P) adapted to air in reference to theestimated gas permeation quantity P1. The aforementioned functionN_(O)=s_(O)(P) is obtained through experiment or simulation calculation.

In the second embodiment, each correction quantity of the hydrogen gas(fuel gas) and air (oxidizing gas) upon re-start of the fuel cell isindependently set. This makes it possible to compensate the start-upcharacteristics more accurately.

In the first and the second embodiments, the gas permeation quantity Pbased on the voltage drop amount ΔV is estimated using the function f(ΔV, t). In a third embodiment, each gas permeation quantity isestimated by the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas, respectively. Morespecifically, the hydrogen gas permeation quantity P_(H) correspondingto the voltage drop ΔV (voltage drop rate) for a predetermined time tmay be obtained appropriately using the function f_(H) (ΔV, t) forestimating the hydrogen gas permeation quantity P_(H). Meanwhile, theair permeation quantity P_(O) corresponding to the voltage drop ΔV(voltage drop rate) for a predetermined time t may be obtainedappropriately using the function f_(H) (ΔV, t) for estimating the airpermeation quantity P_(O). As described in the second embodiment, thehydrogen gas increase function N_(H)=S_(H)(P) is used to obtain theincrease in the hydrogen gas N_(H) (=S_(H)(P_(H))) corresponding to thehydrogen gas permeation quantity P_(H). Meanwhile, the air increasefunction NO_(O)=s_(O)(P) is used to obtain the increase in air N_(O)(=s_(O)(P_(O))) corresponding to the air permeation quantity P_(O).

In the third embodiment, gas permeation quantities, that is, thehydrogen gas (fuel gas) permeation quantity and air (oxidizing gas)permeation quantity are estimated. The correction quantity of thehydrogen gas upon re-start of the fuel cell is set based on the hydrogengas permeation quantity. The correction quantity of air is set based onthe air permeation quantity. As the above-described setting is performedwith respect to the hydrogen gas (fuel gas) and air (oxidizing gas)independently, the start-up characteristics may be compensated withhigher accuracy.

The functions used in the aforementioned embodiments may be replaced bya table of data where arguments and output values are stored. It is tobe understood that the invention is not limited to be applied uponre-start of the fuel cell in the intermittent operation mode. It is alsoclear that the application of the invention upon re-start of the fuelcell from the interrupted state may prevent deterioration in thestart-up characteristics of the fuel cell caused by cross leakage ofgas.

1. A fuel cell system including a fuel cell that generates electricitythrough an electrochemical reaction between a fuel gas and an oxidizinggas, and a load device which is supplied with electric power from thefuel cell, the fuel cell system being comprising: a gas supply unit thatsupplies each of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas to an anode and acathode of the fuel cell, respectively by quantity corresponding to aload of the load device; a gas permeation quantity estimation unit thatestimates a gas permeation quantity of at least one of the fuel gas andthe oxidizing gas between the anode and the cathode after the powergeneration performed by the fuel cell is stopped; and a correction unitthat corrects a supply quantity of at least one of the fuel gas and theoxidizing gas each corresponding to the load in accordance with theestimated gas permeation quantity, which is to be supplied by the gassupply unit upon a subsequent start of power generation.
 2. The fuelcell system according to claim 1, wherein the gas permeation quantity isestimated based on a drop rate of an open circuit voltage after thepower generation performed by the fuel cell is stopped.
 3. The fuel cellsystem according to claim 2, wherein the drop rate of the open circuitvoltage is calculated based on an amount of a voltage drop that hasoccurred between the anode and the cathode due to a leakage of the fuelgas to the cathode and a leakage of the oxidizing gas to the anode afterthe power generation performed by the fuel cell is stopped, an elapsedtime from when the power generation performed by the fuel cell isstopped, and a function which has been obtained through experiment orsimulation calculation preliminarily.
 4. The fuel cell system accordingto claim 1, wherein the gas permeation quantity is estimated based on agas pressure decrease rate in the fuel gas after the power generationperformed by the fuel cell is stopped.
 5. The fuel cell system accordingto claim 4, wherein the gas pressure decrease rate is calculated basedon the estimated gas permeation quantity which has been obtained throughexperiment or simulation calculation preliminarily based on a fuel gaspressure in the anode after the power generation performed by the fuelcell is stopped, a decrease in the fuel gas pressure for an elapsed timefrom when the power generation performed by the fuel cell is stoppeduntil when the power generation performed by the fuel cell is restarted,and the elapsed time.
 6. The fuel cell system according to claim 1,wherein the correction unit independently sets each of a correctionamount of the fuel gas and a correction amount of the oxidizing gasbased on the estimated gas permeation quantity.
 7. The fuel cell systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the gas permeation quantity estimationunit independently estimates each of the gas permeation quantity of thefuel gas and the gas permeation quantity of the oxidizing gas.
 8. Thefuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the power generationperformed by the fuel cell is brought into a stopped state in anintermittent operation mode of the fuel cell.
 9. A gas control method ofa fuel cell system including a fuel cell that generates electricitythrough an electrochemical reaction between a fuel gas and an oxidizinggas, and a load device which is supplied with electric power from thefuel cell, comprising the steps of: supplying each of the fuel gas andthe oxidizing gas to an anode and a cathode of the fuel cell,respectively by quantity corresponding to a load of the load device;estimating a gas permeation quantity of at least one of the fuel gas andthe oxidizing gas between the anode and the cathode after the powergeneration performed by the fuel cell is stopped; and correcting asupply quantity of at least one of the fuel gas and the oxidizing gascorresponding to the load in accordance with the estimated gaspermeation quantity, which is to be supplied upon a subsequent start ofpower generation.